International Contract Law presently offers three sets of principles: the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (the UNIDROIT Principles), the Principles of European Contract Law (the PECL) and the Draft Common Frame of Reference (the DCFR). These sets of principles contain general principles which are intended to serve as model rules. The three sets of principles have been published, but they have not been adopted. The UNIDROIT Principles and the PECL are not meant to be adopted either. There are different opinions as to whether the sets of principles can be considered to be a source of legal status at all.The sets of principles have been referred to in Swedish law.

This thesis presents the implementation of a knowledge base system for rough sets [Paw92]within the logic programming framework. The combination of rough set theory with logic programming is a novel approach. The presented implementation serves as a prototype system for the ideas presented in [VDM03a, VDM03b]. The system is available at "http://www.ida.liu.se/rkbs". The presented language for describing knowledge in the rough knowledge base caters for implicit definition of rough sets by combining different regions (e.g.

Kapaciteter kan vara till stor nytta, bland annat då partiella differentialekvationer ska lösas. Kapaciteter är dock i många fall väldigt svåra att beräkna exakt, speciellt i viktade rum. Vad som istället kan göras är att försöka uppskatta kapaciteterna, vilket för ringar runt en fix punkt kan utföras med hjälp av fyra olika exponentmängder, underline{Q}_0, underline{S}_0, overline{S}_0 och overline{Q}_0, som beskriver hur vikten beter sig i närheten av denna punkt och i viss mån ger rummets lokala dimension.För att kunna dra nytta av exponentmängderna är det bra att veta vilka kombinationer av dessa som kan förekomma. För att få fram nya kombinationer använder vi olika sätt att mäta volym av klot med varierande radier. Dessa mått är definierade genom olika vikter.Det har tidigare funnits ett fåtal exempel på hur olika kombinationer av exponentmängderna kan se ut.

Syftet med den här studien är att 1) jämföra upplägget av läromedel i Sverige och i Kina (Shanghai), 2) jämföra de lösningsmetoder som presenteras i läromedlen samt 3) undersöka hur läromedlen präglats av den matematiska kulturen i respektive land. Vår studie bygger på APOS-teorin (kompletterat med PCK), en teori som bland annat beskriver processen av matematikinlärning i olika steg. Studien har vidare gått till så att vi gjort en textanalys och studerat de valda läromedlen, Matematik år 8 (Liu, 2006) för Kina och Exponent B Röd (Gennow m.fl., 2004) för Sverige, för att hitta såväl likheter som skillnader mellan läromedlen. Resultatet av studien sammanfattas till att läromedlen till största delen tar upp samma metoder inom det studerade området. Den upptäckta skillnaden ligger i de övningsuppgifter som presenterats.

AbstractElderly people are going to be a growing number in Europe. Between one third are going to be 60 years or older at 2025. For Sweden the situation is going to be similar. A reduced muscle function could lead to complications for the individual to perform daily tasks and will lead to a higher rate for falling and getting bone fractures. The positive sides are that for men and women there are a possibility for maintaining physical function and strength even in older years.

This thesis aims at examining to what extent a few, algorithmically very easily extractable document features can be used to classify electronic documents according to genre. A set of experiments is therefore carried out, using only 11 such simple features in an attempt to classify 84 documents belonging to electronic academic journals into three manually identified genres: table of contents, article, and review. The 11 features are also divided into three sets, containing metrics of words and sentences; punctuation marks; and URL links, respectively. The performance when using these sets of features is then measured with regard to classification accuracy, using a k-NN classifier, four different values of k (1, 3, 5, 7), and both leave-one-out and 10-fold cross-validation. Best results are achieved when using all three feature sets (i.e.

The globalization and the realization of a European common insurance market have increased the importance of cross border insurance contracts. Despite that, a gathered set of rules regulating cross border insurance contracts does not exist. The sets of rules within Private International Law which arises today when determining the applicable law regarding cross border insurance contracts are the law of 1993 on applicable law to certain insurance contracts (the law of 1993) and the law of 1998 on applicable law to contractual obligations (Rome Convention). Since the Rome Convention is the only Community instrument which still is in the form of a treaty, work has been done in order to convert it into a regulation, called the Rome-I-regulation. Therefore, the future Rome I-regulation is of importance for the thesis as well since it most likely will replace the Rome Convention.Swedish law is based on the principle of party autonomy, which means that the contracting parties have the right to freely agree on the content of the contract, including the choice of law.

Vi har granskat läromedel som används på gymnasienivå inom matematikens A-kurs. Dessa är Matematik från A till E (Liber), blå och grön bok i serien Exponent (Gleerups) och grundboken med sex tillhörande yrkesprogramböcker i serien Matematik 3000 (Natur ochkultur). Vi har valt att inrikta oss på avsnittet om ekvationer i de olika läromedlen. Här har vi undersökt hur avsnitten presenteras och behandlas, för att se om där finns någon skillnad mellan utformningen av yrkesprogramböcker kontra en grundbok. Metoden som vi haranvänt oss av vid vår granskning, är en komparativ undersökningsform.

Data sets are continuously increasing within organizations. Data sets will also be in larger amounts,have shorter lifetime, is becoming more varied and holds various degrees of uncertainty. Together,these dimensions are included in the term Big Data. There is no universally accepted definition ofBig Data and how it should be used. Applications that turn out to be part of a Big Data conceptoften begin as investments in an organization in order come to new insights or create new businessperspectives.

I denna undersökning tar vi reda på hur det går att förbättra läroböckernas presentation av begreppet derivata i matematik kurs C. Författare till fem olika matematikböcker intervjuades för att ta reda på varför författarna valt det upplägg de har. Böckerna som avhandlas är: Matematik 3000, Matematik från A till E, Liber Pyramid, Räkna med Vux och Exponent. Även nio lärare som använder någon av dessa böcker har intervjuats för att få veta vad lärarna tycker om upplägget. Resultatet visade att det inte finns något optimalt sätt att presentera derivatan som passar alla lärare.

Self-driving cars are soon to become a reality to the commercial market. A self-driving car does not have a human operator, which enables some interesting characteristics. The main benefits are considered to be:The number of accidents and traffic jams should be reduced.Enhanced comfort.Energy usage could be decreased while capacity could be increased.This study concerns the causes for improved energy efficiency. The reason for improved energy efficiency is mainly because of the variation in terms of acceleration, braking and distance holding are reduced. The vehicles are more intelligent and can work together as a unity.

Self-driving cars are soon to become a reality to the commercial market. A self-driving car does not have a human operator, which enables some interesting characteristics. The main benefits are considered to be:The number of accidents and traffic jams should be reduced.Enhanced comfort.Energy usage could be decreased while capacity could be increased.This study concerns the causes for improved energy efficiency. The reason for improved energy efficiency is mainly because of the variation in terms of acceleration, braking and distance holding are reduced. The vehicles are more intelligent and can work together as a unity.

This paper reports a study on the usability of e-commerce accessed through smartphones. There is much research in the usability of mobile interfaces and many sets of design patterns have been created but a few studies are available for specific domains, and in this report we focus on mobile e-commerce. In this study a framework is developed for how to design mobile e-commerce interfaces with a high degree of usability. Furthermore, the study also contributes a method to how other specific domain can develop a framework with general standards to work from when creating a web interface. By examining two sets of design principles and 14 design patterns, we evaluate which ones are critical in the design of a mobile e-commerce interface for achieving a high degree of usability.

Background: Acquisitions are a well-known method for increasing company size and strength on the market. But to reach the targets set, more than just a positive economic calculation is required. An atmosphere that supports the company's integration is needed, for which it is of great importance for management to understand the underlying sets of values that exist in the organisation, and to take into consideration the way they might become an obstacle or a tool for a successful integration. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to explain and understand how cultural change occurs and how it affects the employee, as a smaller company is bought and integrated into a larger organisation. Procedure: The analysis is based on theories on organisational culture and organisational change.

This study has been carried out in cooperation with Unilever and partly with the EC founded project, Smartdoc IST-2000-28137. In areas of statistics and image processing, both the amount of data and the dimensions are increasing rapidly and an interactive visualization tool that lets the user perform real-time analysis can save valuable time. Real-time cropping and drill-down considerably facilitate the analysis process and yield more accurate decisions. In the Smartdoc project, there has been a request for a component used for smart filtering in multidimensional data sets. As the Smartdoc project aims to develop smart, interactive components to be used on low-end systems, the implementation of the self-organizing map algorithm proposes which dimensions to visualize.